@article {6,
	title = {The BENGAL programme: introduction and overview},
	journal = {Progress in OceanographyProgress in OceanographyProgress in Oceanography},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Sp. Iss. SI488RPTimes Cited:47Cited References Count:59},
	pages = {13-25},
	abstract = {BENGAL (High-resolution temporal and spatial study of the BENthic biology and Geochemistry of a north-eastern Atlantic abyssal Locality) was a three-year multidisciplinary study of the abyssal benthic boundary layer in the northeast Atlantic. The aim of BENGAL was to determine how the, seabed community and the geochemistry of the sediments change seasonally in response to a highly seasonal input of organic matter from the overlying water column. It did this by organising an intensive sampling programme on 14 research cruises over a two-year period. This introductory paper sets the scene for the subsequent scientific contributions. It describes the study area, sampling strategy and techniques, and provides a brief overview of the contributions to the BENGAL Special Volume. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {benthic processes, deep-sea sediments, ne atlantic, northeast atlantic-ocean, oneirophanta-mutabilis, organic-matter, phytodetritus, porcupine abyssal-plain, seasonal deposition, temporal variability},
	isbn = {0079-6611},
	author = {Billett, D. S. M. and Rice, A. L.}
}
@article {7,
	title = {Material supply to the abyssal seafloor in the Northeast Atlantic},
	journal = {Progress in OceanographyProgress in OceanographyProgress in Oceanography},
	volume = {50},
	number = {1-4},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Sp. Iss. SI488RPTimes Cited:122Cited References Count:65},
	pages = {27-63},
	abstract = {Downward particle flux was measured using sediment traps at various depths over the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (water depth similar to 4850 m) for prolonged periods from 1989 to 1999. A strong seasonal pattern of flux was evident reaching a maximum in mid-summer. The composition of the material changed with depth, reflecting the processes of remineralisation and dissolution as the material sank through the water column. However, there was surprisingly little seasonal variation in its composition to reflect changes in the biology of the cuphotic zone.Currents at the site have a strong tidal component with speeds almost always less than 15 cm/sec. In the deeper part of the water column they tend to be northerly in direction, when averaged over periods of several months.A model of upper ocean biogeochemistry forced by meteorology was run for the decade in order to provide an estimate of flux at 3000 m depth. Agreement with measured organic carbon flux is good, both in terms of the timings of the annual peaks and in the integrated annual flux. Interannual variations in the integrated flux are of similar magnitude for both the model output and sediment trap measurements, but there is no significant relationship between these two sets of estimates. No long-term trend in flux is evident, either from the model, or from the measurements.During two spring/summer periods, the marine snow concentration in the water column was assessed by time-lapse photography and showed a strong peak at the start of the downward pulse of material at 3000 m. This emphasises the importance of large particles during periods of maximum flux and at the start of flux peaks. Time lapse photographs of the seabed show a seasonal cycle of coverage of phytodetrital material, in agreement with the model output both in terms of timing and magnitude of coverage prior to 1996. However, after a change in the structure of the benthic community in 1996 no phytodetritus was evident on the seabed.The model output shows only a single peak in flux each year, whereas the measured data usually indicated a double peak. It is concluded that the observed double peak may be a reflection of lowered sediment trap efficiency when flux is very high and is dominated by large marine snow particles.Resuspension into the trap 100 rn above the seabed, when compared to the primary flux at 3000 m depth (1800 mab) was lower during periods of high primary flux probably because of a reduction in the height of resuspension when the material is fresh. At 2 mab, the picture is more complex with resuspension being enhanced during the periods of higher flux in 1997, which is consistent with this hypothesis. However there was rather little relationship to flux at 3000 m in 1998.At 3000 m depth, the Flux Stability Index (FSI), which provides a measure of the constancy of the seasonal cycle of flux, exhibited an inverse relationship with flux, such that the highest flux of organic carbon was recorded during the year with the greatest seasonal variation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {biogenic particle fluxes, bloom experiment, marine snow, ocean sediment traps, pacific, particulate organic-carbon, sargasso-sea, seasonal deposition, temporal variability, water column},
	isbn = {0079-6611},
	author = {Lampitt, R. S. and Bett, B. J. and Kiriakoulakis, K. and Popova, E. E. and Ragueneau, O. and Vangriesheim, A. and Wolff, G. A.}
}
