00350nas a2200109   4500008004100000245005600041210005200097300001400149490000600163100001600169856005500185       1958                        eng d00aThe continental margin between Brittany and Ireland0 acontinental margin between Brittany and Ireland  a249–2650 v51 aDay, A., A.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/300502nas a2200145   4500008004500000020001400045245009500059210006900154300001200223490000600235100001900241700002200260700001900282856005500301       1978                        Engldsh    a0399-178400aChannels, Canyons and Slump Folds on Continental Slope between Southwest Ireland and Spain0 aChannels Canyons and Slump Folds on Continental Slope between So  a369-3800 v11 aKenyon, N., H.1 aBelderson, R., H.1 aStride, A., H.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/400441nas a2200109   4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001400237490000600251100001900257856005500276       1985                        eng d00aComparison between recent benthic foraminiferal faunas of the Porcupine Seabight and Western Approaches continental slope 0 aComparison between recent benthic foraminiferal faunas of the Po  a165–1830 v41 aWeston, J., F.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/501606nas a2200265   4500008004500000020001400045245005200059210004700111300001000158490000700168520083900175653002201014653002301036653001601059653002901075653002701104653001901131653001801150653002801168653002401196653002501220100002301245700001701268856005501285       2001                        Engldsh    a0079-661100aThe BENGAL programme: introduction and overview0 aBENGAL programme introduction and overview  a13-250 v503 aBENGAL (High-resolution temporal and spatial study of the BENthic biology and Geochemistry of a north-eastern Atlantic abyssal Locality) was a three-year multidisciplinary study of the abyssal benthic boundary layer in the northeast Atlantic. The aim of BENGAL was to determine how the, seabed community and the geochemistry of the sediments change seasonally in response to a highly seasonal input of organic matter from the overlying water column. It did this by organising an intensive sampling programme on 14 research cruises over a two-year period. This introductory paper sets the scene for the subsequent scientific contributions. It describes the study area, sampling strategy and techniques, and provides a brief overview of the contributions to the BENGAL Special Volume. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.10abenthic processes10adeep-sea sediments10ane atlantic10anortheast atlantic-ocean10aoneirophanta-mutabilis10aorganic-matter10aphytodetritus10aporcupine abyssal-plain10aseasonal deposition10atemporal variability1 aBillett, D., S. M.1 aRice, A., L.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/604033nas a2200325   4500008004500000020001400045245007000059210006900129300001000198490000700208520308500215653002903300653002103329653001603350653002503366653001203391653003103403653001703434653002403451653002503475653001703500100002003517700001703537700002203554700001903576700001803595700002103613700001803634856005503652       2001                        Engldsh    a0079-661100aMaterial supply to the abyssal seafloor in the Northeast Atlantic0 aMaterial supply to the abyssal seafloor in the Northeast Atlanti  a27-630 v503 aDownward particle flux was measured using sediment traps at various depths over the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (water depth similar to 4850 m) for prolonged periods from 1989 to 1999. A strong seasonal pattern of flux was evident reaching a maximum in mid-summer. The composition of the material changed with depth, reflecting the processes of remineralisation and dissolution as the material sank through the water column. However, there was surprisingly little seasonal variation in its composition to reflect changes in the biology of the cuphotic zone.Currents at the site have a strong tidal component with speeds almost always less than 15 cm/sec. In the deeper part of the water column they tend to be northerly in direction, when averaged over periods of several months.A model of upper ocean biogeochemistry forced by meteorology was run for the decade in order to provide an estimate of flux at 3000 m depth. Agreement with measured organic carbon flux is good, both in terms of the timings of the annual peaks and in the integrated annual flux. Interannual variations in the integrated flux are of similar magnitude for both the model output and sediment trap measurements, but there is no significant relationship between these two sets of estimates. No long-term trend in flux is evident, either from the model, or from the measurements.During two spring/summer periods, the marine snow concentration in the water column was assessed by time-lapse photography and showed a strong peak at the start of the downward pulse of material at 3000 m. This emphasises the importance of large particles during periods of maximum flux and at the start of flux peaks. Time lapse photographs of the seabed show a seasonal cycle of coverage of phytodetrital material, in agreement with the model output both in terms of timing and magnitude of coverage prior to 1996. However, after a change in the structure of the benthic community in 1996 no phytodetritus was evident on the seabed.The model output shows only a single peak in flux each year, whereas the measured data usually indicated a double peak. It is concluded that the observed double peak may be a reflection of lowered sediment trap efficiency when flux is very high and is dominated by large marine snow particles.Resuspension into the trap 100 rn above the seabed, when compared to the primary flux at 3000 m depth (1800 mab) was lower during periods of high primary flux probably because of a reduction in the height of resuspension when the material is fresh. At 2 mab, the picture is more complex with resuspension being enhanced during the periods of higher flux in 1997, which is consistent with this hypothesis. However there was rather little relationship to flux at 3000 m in 1998.At 3000 m depth, the Flux Stability Index (FSI), which provides a measure of the constancy of the seasonal cycle of flux, exhibited an inverse relationship with flux, such that the highest flux of organic carbon was recorded during the year with the greatest seasonal variation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.10abiogenic particle fluxes10abloom experiment10amarine snow10aocean sediment traps10apacific10aparticulate organic-carbon10asargasso-sea10aseasonal deposition10atemporal variability10awater column1 aLampitt, R., S.1 aBett, B., J.1 aKiriakoulakis, K.1 aPopova, E., E.1 aRagueneau, O.1 aVangriesheim, A.1 aWolff, G., A.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/703778nas a2200241   4500008004100000245011600041210006900157300001600226490000700242520298900249653003103238653003903269653001603308653001603324653002803340653002403368653001603392100001903408700001803427700001703445700001903462856005503481       2010                        eng d00aDecadal-scale changes in shallow-infaunal foraminiferal assemblages at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, NE Atlantic0 aDecadalscale changes in shallowinfaunal foraminiferal assemblage  a1362–13820 v573 aTrends in the abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition of ‘live’ (rose Bengal stained) foraminiferal assemblages (0-1 cm layer, 463-mm fraction) were analysed in replicate multiple corer samples collected at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (481 50’ N, 161 30’ W, 4850 m water depth) over a 13-yr period (1989-2002). Total densities were significantly higher in 1996-2002 compared to 1989-1994, a change coincident with a spectacular rise in the density of the holothurian Amperima. However, total densities exhibited no significant relation to seasons or any significant correlation with modelled organic matter flux, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, Amperima densities, or megafaunal assemblage composition. Over the same period, species richness and diversity measures decreased and dominance increased, although not significantly. Multivariate analyses revealed three assemblages represented by samples collected in 1989-1994, 1996-July 1997 and October 1997- October 2002. These reflected temporal changes in the densities of higher taxa and species. Trochamminaceans, notably a small undescribed species, increased from 5-9% (1989-1994) to 29-40% (1996-2002) of the assemblage with a corresponding rise in absolute abundance. Species of Hormosinacea and Lagenammina also tended to increase in density from 1996/1997 onwards. Rotaliids, dominated by Alabaminella weddellensis and Epistominella exigua, showed a bimodal distribution over time with peak densities in May 1991 (32%) and September 1998 (28%) and lowest densities in 1996- 1997. Responses by these species to seasonal phytodetritus inputs probably explain the relative abundance of E. exigua, and to a lesser extent A. weddellensis, in 1989 and 1991 when phytodetritus was present. A qualitative change in the phytodetrital food, repackaging of food by megafauna, increased megafaunal disturbance of the surficial sediment, or a combination of these factors, are possible explanations for the dominance of trochamminaceans from 1996 onwards. The miliolid Quinqueloculina sp. was virtually absent in multicore samples (0-1 cm, 4 63-mm fraction) from 1989-1994, peaked in September 1996 (22%) when degraded phytodetritus was present on core surfaces, was less common in March 1997, and thereafter was relatively uncommon. However, horizontally sliced box-core samples (0-5 cm, 4 250-mm fraction) revealed that large specimens were more abundant in March 1997, and also were concentrated in deeper sediment layers, than in September 1996. We suggest that Quinqueloculina sp. migrated to the sediment surface in response to a 1996 flux event, grew and reproduced, before migrating back into deeper layers as the phytodetrital food became exhausted. Overall, the abyssal time-series revealed decadal-scale changes among shallow-infaunal foraminifera, more or less coincident with changes in the megafauna, as well as indications of shorter-term events related to seasonally-pulsed phytodetrital inputs.10aAbyssal zone Phytodetritus10aAgglutinated foraminifera Atlantic10ane atlantic10aOcean floor10aPorcupine Abyssal Plain10aTemporal variations10aTime series1 aGooday, A., J.1 aMalzone, M.G.1 aBett, B., J.1 aLamont, P., A.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/802621nas a2200373   4500008004500000020001400045245010200059210006900161260001000230300001400240490000700254520153700261653001801798653001201816653002701828653001101855653002901866653002801895653002201923653001001945653002601955653002301981653002502004653001702029653001902046653001602065100002002081700001502101700002202116700001602138700001902154700001902173856005502192       2010                        Engldsh    a0967-064500aLong-term variability of downward particle flux in the deep northeast Atlantic: Causes and trends0 aLongterm variability of downward particle flux in the deep north  cAug 1  a1346-13610 v573 aAt 3000 m depth the downward flux of particulate matter shows substantial seasonal and interannual variation. Complete annual records for eight of the past 14 years have been examined in the light of mixing depths derived from the OCCAM general circulation model and euphotic zone chlorophyll concentration and productivity, which were derived from the SeaWiFS satellite colour sensor. The annual flux was particularly high in 2001 due to a late summer deposition exceeding previous records several fold and this year was also characterised by very early shoaling of the mixing depth in spring and a very high surface spring chlorophyll concentration. Other years that were somewhat unusual in having either high or low flux at depth were not in general associated with unusual patterns of mixing or productivity. The percentage of the annual organic carbon primary production which reaches 3000 m varies from 0.6 to 1.2% except in 2001 when it reached 3.4%. A mechanistic relationship between upper-ocean processes and deep-ocean particle flux remains elusive and various explanations are suggested for this which need now to be addressed. In the spring, the timing of first shoaling of mixing, enhancement of productivity and increased particle flux at depth have all advanced during the 14 years of study by about 2 days per year, suggesting a similar trend as has been observed for surface phytoplankton, mesozooplankton, fish and seabirds probably caused by wide-scale environmental changes. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.10abiogenic opal10aclimate10adownward particle flux10aexport10ainter-annual variability10ainterannual variability10amixed-layer depth10aocean10aorganic-carbon fluxes10aprimary production10aprimary productivity10asargasso sea10asediment traps10atime-series1 aLampitt, R., S.1 aSalter, I.1 ade Cuevas, B., A.1 aHartman, S.1 aLarkin, K., E.1 aPebody, C., A.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/902772nas a2200409   4500008004500000020001400045245015000059210006900209260000800278300001400286490000700300520157700307653001201884653001101896653002101907653002301928653001601951653002801967653001601995100002002011700002002031700001902051700001602070700001702086700001902103700001802122700001902140700001702159700001902176700001702195700002302212700001602235700001802251700001902269700001802288856005602306       2012                        Engldsh    a1054-313900aThe Porcupine Abyssal Plain fixed-point sustained observatory (PAP-SO): variations and trends from the Northeast Atlantic fixed-point time-series0 aPorcupine Abyssal Plain fixedpoint sustained observatory PAPSO v  cJul  a776–7830 v693 aThe Porcupine Abyssal Plain sustained observatory (PAP-SO) in the Northeast Atlantic (498N 16.58W; 4800 m) is the longest running open-ocean multidisciplinary observatory in the oceans around Europe. The site has produced high-resolution datasets integrating environmental and ecologically relevant variables from the surface to the seabed for >20 years. Since 2002, a full-depth mooring has been in place with autonomous sensors measuring temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, nitrate, and pCO2. These complement ongoing mesopelagic and seabed observations on downward particle flux and benthic ecosystem structure and function. With national and European funding, the observatory infrastructure has been advanced steadily, with the latest development in 2010 involving collaboration between the UK's Meteorological Office and Natural Environment Research Council. This resulted in the first simultaneous atmospheric and ocean datasets at the site. All PAP-SO datasets are open access in near real time through websites and as quality-controlled datasets for a range of remote users using ftp sites and uploaded daily to MyOcean and the global telecommunications system for use in modelling activities. The combined datasets capture short-term variation (daily-seasonal), longer term trends (climate-driven), and episodic events (e. g. spring-bloom events), and the data contribute to the Europe-wide move towards good environmental status of our seas, driven by the EU's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (http://ec. europa. eu/ environment/water/marine).10aclimate10adriven10along-term change10anortheast atlantic10aobservatory10aPorcupine Abyssal Plain10atime-series1 aHartman, S., E.1 aLampitt, R., S.1 aLarkin, K., E.1 aPagnani, M.1 aCampbell, J.1 aGkritzalis, T.1 aJiang, Z., P.1 aPebody, C., A.1 aRuhl, H., A.1 aGooday, A., J.1 aBett, B., J.1 aBillett, D., S. M.1 aProvost, P.1 aMcLachlan, R.1 aTurton, J., D.1 aLankester, S.  uhttps://benthic-foraminifera.myspecies.info/node/10